8-Channel I Ching Form & Speed — User Guide
Algorithmic spatial composition: generates 8 unique audio transformations using I Ching hexagrams as algorithmic rules, creating complex stereo spatialization through form manipulation and speed variations.
What this does
This script implements algorithmic audio transformation using I Ching hexagrams — a unique compositional system that generates 8 parallel audio transformations based on randomly generated I Ching hexagrams. The process: (1) Hexagram Generation: Randomly generates 8 different I Ching hexagrams (6-line binary patterns). (2) Form Manipulation: For each channel, slices the audio into 6 equal segments, reversing segments corresponding to Yin (broken) lines. (3) Speed Variation: Calculates a speed factor from the hexagram's numerical value (0-63), applying time-stretching to each channel. (4) Spatial Combination: Combines the 8 transformed channels into a stereo output using Praat's channel combination algorithm. (5) Visual Display: Draws all 8 hexagrams in a grid layout showing their structure and calculated speed factors.
Key Features:
- 8 Independent Channels — Each processed with unique I Ching rules
- I Ching Algorithmic System — Uses ancient divination system as compositional rules
- Form Manipulation — Reverses audio segments based on Yin/Yang lines
- Speed Variation — Time-stretching based on hexagram numerical value
- Visual Hexagram Display — Shows all 8 generated patterns with speed factors
- Deterministic Randomness — Seed control for reproducible results
- Spatial Audio Output — Combines 8 channels into rich stereo field
- Real-time Processing — Complete transformation in single execution
What is I Ching algorithmic composition? Traditional composition: human decisions, musical rules. I Ching composition: using ancient Chinese divination system's mathematical structure as generative rules. Advantages: (1) Ancient wisdom: 3000-year-old system as modern algorithmic source. (2) Balanced randomness: Structured randomness (64 possible hexagrams). (3) Dual parameters: Each hexagram controls both form (Yin=reverse) and speed (value=tempo). (4) Philosophical depth: Connects audio processing to I Ching's cosmological concepts. (5) Unpredictable but structured: Random within defined system. Use cases: Experimental music (algorithmic composition), sound design (generative textures), installation art (I Ching-inspired systems), education (teaching algorithmic art), spiritual/meditative audio (connecting to ancient systems).
Technical Implementation: The script creates 8 parallel processing pipelines: (1) Hexagram Calculation: Generates 6 random bits (0=Yin, 1=Yang), calculates value (0-63), maps to speed factor (1.0 ± deviation_range). (2) Form Processing: Splits audio into 6 equal slices, reverses slices where corresponding line=Yin (0), concatenates. (3) Speed Processing: Uses Praat's Lengthen (overlap-add) for time-stretching based on hexagram-derived speed factor. (4) Spatialization: Combines 8 mono channels into stereo using Praat's default channel mapping. (5) Visualization: Draws hexagram grid using Praat's picture window with Yin (broken) and Yang (solid) lines. Key insight: Each hexagram creates a unique "audio DNA" that transforms both the temporal structure (reversals) and temporal rate (speed) of the source material.
Quick start
- In Praat, select exactly one Sound object (any audio file).
- Run script… →
8channel_iching_form_speed.praat. - Set Deviation_range (default 0.20 = ±20% speed variation).
- Set Random_seed (0 for truly random, >0 for reproducible results).
- Set Target_sampling_frequency if resampling needed (default 44100 Hz).
- Click OK — watch hexagram visualization appear in picture window.
- Script processes 8 channels in parallel (monitors progress in console).
- Final stereo output named "originalname_8ch_IChing_FormSpeed" appears and plays.
- Examine picture window to see which hexagrams were generated for each channel.
Quick tip: Use speech or melodic audio to hear form reversal effects clearly. The picture window shows all 8 hexagrams — solid lines = Yang (forward), broken lines = Yin (reversed). Each channel's speed factor is shown below its hexagram (e.g., "1.15x" = 15% faster). Deviation_range = 0.20 gives speed range 0.8x to 1.2x (20% slower to 20% faster). For reproducible results, set Random_seed to any positive integer. Processing creates 8 intermediate mono channels then combines to stereo — check Objects window to see them before final combination. Listen for how different reversals and speeds create complex spatial interplay. The output is always stereo even from mono input.
Important: ONE SOUND ONLY — Script fails with 0 or 2+ sounds selected. Form reversal based on Yin lines — Yin (0/broken) = reversed segment, Yang (1/solid) = forward segment. Speed calculation maps hexagram value (0-63) to speed range (1.0 ± deviation_range). Time-stretching uses overlap-add — preserves pitch, changes duration only. All channels forced to mono before processing — stereo sources lose stereo image in individual channels. Picture window required — Script draws visualization; ensure Praat picture window is available. Processing time scales with audio length — 5-minute file × 8 channels may take several minutes. Randomness — Each run produces different hexagrams unless seed set.
I Ching System
☯ The I Ching (Book of Changes)
Ancient Chinese divination text — over 3000 years old
64 Hexagrams — 6-line patterns of broken (Yin) and solid (Yang) lines
Binary system — Yin = 0, Yang = 1 (pre-dates binary mathematics)
Cosmological philosophy — Represents dynamic balance of opposites
Algorithmic structure — Mathematical foundation for generative art
Hexagram Structure and Generation
HEXAGRAM GENERATION ALGORITHM:
For each channel (1 to 8):
Generate 6 random bits: l1, l2, l3, l4, l5, l6 ∈ {0, 1}
Where: 0 = Yin (broken line), 1 = Yang (solid line)
Example hexagram: 1 0 1 1 0 1
Line 1: Yang (solid) = 1
Line 2: Yin (broken) = 0
Line 3: Yang (solid) = 1
Line 4: Yang (solid) = 1
Line 5: Yin (broken) = 0
Line 6: Yang (solid) = 1
NUMERICAL VALUE CALCULATION:
Binary weighted sum (lines read bottom to top in I Ching tradition):
hex_value = l1 + (l2×2) + (l3×4) + (l4×8) + (l5×16) + (l6×32)
Range: 0 (all Yin) to 63 (all Yang)
Example calculation for 1 0 1 1 0 1:
hex_value = 1 + (0×2) + (1×4) + (1×8) + (0×16) + (1×32)
= 1 + 0 + 4 + 8 + 0 + 32 = 45
NORMALIZATION:
normalized_hex = hex_value / 63
Range: 0.0 to 1.0
SPEED MAPPING:
speed_factor = 1.0 + ((normalized_hex × (deviation_range × 2)) - deviation_range)
Example with deviation_range = 0.20:
• hex_value = 0 → speed = 0.80x (20% slower)
• hex_value = 31.5 → speed = 1.00x (normal)
• hex_value = 63 → speed = 1.20x (20% faster)
I Ching Philosophical Concepts in Audio
| I Ching Concept | Audio Implementation | Effect on Sound | Philosophical Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yin (阴) | Segment reversal | Time inversion, retrograde | Receptive, yielding, moon |
| Yang (阳) | Segment forward | Normal temporal flow | Creative, active, sun |
| Hexagram (卦) | 6-segment pattern | Overall form structure | Situation, moment in time |
| Change (易) | Speed variation | Temporal dilation/compression | Constant flux, transformation |
| Balance (平衡) | 8 channels combined | Spatial stereo field | Harmony of opposites |
Hexagram Display and Interpretation
VISUAL REPRESENTATION IN PRAAT PICTURE WINDOW:
Grid Layout (2 rows × 4 columns):
Channels 1-4: Top row
Channels 5-8: Bottom row
For each hexagram:
• Solid line (Yang): Continuous horizontal line
• Broken line (Yin): Two segments with gap in middle
• Label: "Ch X (speed_factorx)"
Example display for hexagram 1 0 1 1 0 1:
Line 6 (top): ─────────────── (Yang)
Line 5: ─────── ──────── (Yin - broken)
Line 4: ─────────────── (Yang)
Line 3: ─────────────── (Yang)
Line 2: ─────── ──────── (Yin - broken)
Line 1 (bottom): ───────────── (Yang)
INTERPRETING THE VISUALIZATION:
• More solid lines: More forward segments
• More broken lines: More reversed segments
• Speed factor: Higher = faster playback
• Channel position: Spatial assignment in final mix
Randomness and Seed Control
RANDOM SEED BEHAVIOR:
If Random_seed = 0:
• Truly random hexagrams each run
• Different results every execution
• Based on system random generator
If Random_seed > 0:
• Deterministic pseudorandom sequence
• Same seed → same hexagrams → same audio result
• Enables reproducible compositions
• Useful for archiving specific results
EXAMPLE WITH SEED = 42:
First run (seed 42): Generates specific 8 hexagrams
Second run (seed 42): Generates identical 8 hexagrams
Third run (seed 43): Generates different 8 hexagrams
TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION:
Uses Praat's random functions with seed control
Each channel's hexagram independent but from same seed sequence
Speed factors derived deterministically from hexagram values
Form Manipulation
🎵 Hexagram-Driven Audio Slicing
Segment Division: Audio divided into 6 equal temporal slices
Yin/Yang Mapping: Each slice mapped to corresponding hexagram line
Reversal Logic: Yin lines (0) → reverse slice, Yang lines (1) → forward slice
Recombination: Processed slices concatenated into new temporal form
Slicing Algorithm
SLICING PROCESS FOR EACH CHANNEL:
Given:
original_duration = D seconds
hexagram_lines = [l1, l2, l3, l4, l5, l6] where lᵢ ∈ {0, 1}
STEP 1: Calculate slice duration
slice_duration = D / 6
STEP 2: Process each of 6 slices
For slice s = 1 to 6:
start_time = (s - 1) × slice_duration
end_time = s × slice_duration
Clamp end_time ≤ D (for last slice)
If (end_time - start_time) > 0.001 seconds:
Extract slice: [start_time, end_time]
If hexagram_line[s] = 0 (Yin):
Reverse slice (time inversion)
Store processed slice
STEP 3: Concatenate slices
Select all 6 processed slices
Concatenate (maintains slice order)
Result: reformed audio with some segments reversed
EXAMPLE WITH HEXAGRAM 1 0 1 1 0 1:
Slice 1 (line 1 = 1/Yang): Forward
Slice 2 (line 2 = 0/Yin): Reversed
Slice 3 (line 3 = 1/Yang): Forward
Slice 4 (line 4 = 1/Yang): Forward
Slice 5 (line 5 = 0/Yin): Reversed
Slice 6 (line 6 = 1/Yang): Forward
Reversal Effects on Different Audio Types
| Audio Type | Forward Segment | Reversed (Yin) Segment | Perceptual Effect | Musical Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Speech | Normal speech | Backwards speech | Uncanny, mysterious | Linguistic deconstruction |
| Melody | Forward phrase | Retrograde melody | Musical palindrome | Serialist technique |
| Percussion | Normal attack-decay | Reverse attack (swell) | Unnatural envelopes | Rhythmic disruption |
| Ambient | Natural evolution | Time-reversed texture | Dreamlike, surreal | Spatial disorientation |
| Noise | Forward noise | Reversed noise | Subtle difference | Minimal transformation |
Form Transformation Examples
Example 1: All Yang (hexagram 1 1 1 1 1 1)
- Value: 63
- Speed: Maximum (1 + deviation_range)
- Form: All segments forward (no reversals)
- Result: Original form, sped up
- Character: Forward, accelerated version
Example 2: All Yin (hexagram 0 0 0 0 0 0)
- Value: 0
- Speed: Minimum (1 - deviation_range)
- Form: All segments reversed
- Result: Completely reversed, slowed down
- Character: Retrograde, decelerated version
Example 3: Alternating (hexagram 1 0 1 0 1 0)
- Value: 21
- Speed: ~1.0 (near normal)
- Form: Forward, reverse, forward, reverse, forward, reverse
- Result: Ping-pong alternation
- Character: Rhythmic alternation between normal and reversed
Example 4: Checkerboard (hexagram 0 1 0 1 0 1)
- Value: 42
- Speed: ~1.13x (with deviation_range=0.20)
- Form: Reverse, forward, reverse, forward, reverse, forward
- Result: Opposite alternation pattern
- Character: Different rhythmic feel from alternating
Perceptual Effects of Form Manipulation
PSYCHOACOUSTIC EFFECTS:
1. TEMPORAL DISLOCATION:
• Reversed speech loses linguistic meaning
• Retains prosodic contours (rhythm, intonation)
• Creates "speech-like" but unintelligible sound
2. MUSICAL PALINDROMES:
• Forward → reverse segments create symmetry
• Musical phrases heard normally then in retrograde
• Classical compositional technique (Bach, Webern)
3. ENVELOPE TRANSFORMATION:
• Natural attacks become decays
• Decays become attacks (reverse swell)
• Changes perceptual "direction" of sounds
4. RHYTHMIC DISRUPTION:
• Forward rhythms interrupted by reversed patterns
• Creates complex polyrhythmic relationships
• Especially noticeable in percussive material
5. SPATIAL IMPLICATION:
• Different channels have different reversal patterns
• Creates perceived spatial movement
• Forward/reverse contrast enhances channel separation
Speed Variation
⏱️ Hexagram-Value-Driven Time Stretching
Value Mapping: Hexagram numerical value (0-63) mapped to speed factor
Range Control: Deviation_range parameter sets maximum speed variation
Pitch Preservation: Overlap-add algorithm changes speed without pitch shift
Temporal Transformation: Each channel plays at unique speed relative to original
Speed Calculation Algorithm
SPEED FACTOR CALCULATION:
Given:
hexagram_value = v ∈ [0, 63] (from 6 binary lines)
deviation_range = r ∈ (0, 1] (e.g., 0.20 for ±20%)
STEP 1: Normalize to [0, 1]
normalized = v / 63
STEP 2: Map to speed range [1-r, 1+r]
speed_factor = 1.0 + ((normalized × (r × 2)) - r)
MATHEMATICALLY:
• v = 0 → speed = 1 - r (slowest)
• v = 31.5 → speed = 1.0 (original speed)
• v = 63 → speed = 1 + r (fastest)
EXAMPLE WITH r = 0.20:
• Hexagram 0 (all Yin): speed = 0.80x (20% slower)
• Hexagram 31.5 (balanced): speed = 1.00x (normal)
• Hexagram 63 (all Yang): speed = 1.20x (20% faster)
INTERPRETATION:
• Yin-heavy hexagrams → slower speeds (contemplative)
• Yang-heavy hexagrams → faster speeds (energetic)
• Balanced hexagrams → near-normal speeds (stable)
Time-Stretching Implementation
PRAAT'S LENGTHEN (OVERLAP-ADD) ALGORITHM:
Parameters used:
• Minimum pitch: 75 Hz
• Maximum pitch: 600 Hz
• Time scaling factor: 1/speed_factor
PROCESS:
1. Original duration: D seconds
2. Target duration: D_target = D / speed_factor
3. Time scaling factor = D_target / D = 1/speed_factor
EXAMPLE (speed_factor = 1.2):
Original duration: 10.0 seconds
Target duration: 10.0 / 1.2 = 8.333 seconds
Time scaling factor: 8.333 / 10.0 = 0.8333
Result: 20% faster, pitch preserved
ALGORITHM CHARACTERISTICS:
• Overlap-add (PSOLA-based) time scaling
• Preserves pitch and formant structure
• Works best on monophonic, pitched material
• May produce artifacts on noisy/percussive sounds
• Higher quality than simple resampling
Speed Factor Distribution
| Hexagram Category | Value Range | Speed Range (r=0.20) | Duration Change | Perceptual Character |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Yin (000000) | 0 | 0.80x | +25% longer | Slow, stretched, contemplative |
| Yin-dominant | 1-20 | 0.80-0.94x | +6-25% longer | Slowed, relaxed |
| Balanced | 21-42 | 0.94-1.06x | -6% to +6% | Near-normal, stable |
| Yang-dominant | 43-62 | 1.06-1.20x | -17% to -6% shorter | Sped up, energetic |
| All Yang (111111) | 63 | 1.20x | -17% shorter | Fast, compressed, urgent |
Interaction Between Form and Speed
COMBINED EFFECTS:
Form (reversals) and Speed (time-stretch) interact:
1. REVERSAL THEN SPEED:
• First: Audio sliced and some segments reversed
• Then: Entire reformed audio time-stretched
• Result: Reversed segments also time-stretched
Example: Yin segment reversed then sped up 1.2x
Original: [A B C] (3 seconds)
Reversed: [C B A] (3 seconds)
Sped up: [C B A] compressed to 2.5 seconds
Each reversed element faster
2. SPEED EFFECT ON REVERSAL PERCEPTION:
• Slower speeds: Reversed segments more noticeable
• Faster speeds: Reversed segments blur together
3. FORM-SPEED CORRELATION (by design):
• All Yin (000000): All reversed + slowest speed
• All Yang (111111): All forward + fastest speed
• Creates philosophical correlation:
Yin = receptive, slow, reversed
Yang = active, fast, forward
Deviation Range Parameter
Choosing Deviation_range values:
- 0.05 (±5%): Subtle variations, good for musical material
- 0.10 (±10%): Noticeable but musical, default for many applications
- 0.20 (±20%): Significant variations, creates clear tempo differences
- 0.30 (±30%): Extreme variations, dramatic tempo contrasts
- 0.50 (±50%): Maximum practical range, half-speed to double-speed
Effect on 8-channel spatialization:
- Small deviation (0.05-0.10): Channels closely synchronized, subtle phasing
- Medium deviation (0.15-0.25): Clear tempo differences, rhythmic complexity
- Large deviation (0.30-0.50): Drastic tempo variations, potentially chaotic
Spatial Composition
🎧 8-Channel to Stereo Spatialization
Channel Generation: 8 independently processed mono channels
Spatial Combination: Praat's Combine to stereo algorithm
Default Mapping: Channels assigned to stereo field automatically
Spatial Complexity: Different forms and speeds create moving sound field
Channel-to-Stereo Mapping
PRAAT'S COMBINE TO STEREO ALGORITHM:
Given 8 mono channels: Ch1, Ch2, ..., Ch8
Praat's default behavior:
• First channel(s) assigned to left
• Last channel(s) assigned to right
• Middle channels distributed across stereo field
• Exact mapping depends on Praat version and algorithm
TYPICAL MAPPING (approximate):
Ch1 → Mostly left
Ch2 → Left-center
Ch3 → Center-left
Ch4 → Center
Ch5 → Center-right
Ch6 → Right-center
Ch7 → Mostly right
Ch8 → Far right
RESULTING STEREO FIELD:
• Different hexagrams in different spatial positions
• Different speeds in different positions
• Creates perceived movement as faster/slower elements play
• Forward/reversed segments appear from different directions
Spatial Effects of Hexagram Variations
| Spatial Effect | Caused By | Perceptual Result | Example Scenario |
|---|---|---|---|
| Temporal phasing | Different speed factors | Sounds move around stereo field | Fast channel left, slow channel right |
| Directional reversal | Different reversal patterns | Sounds "approach" from different directions | Forward segment left, reversed segment right |
| Rhythmic complexityCombination of all patterns | Polyrhythmic spatial patterns | Multiple tempi from multiple positions | |
| Spectral spreading | Different time-stretching artifacts | Different spectral characters in space | Clean sound left, artifact-rich sound right |
| Dynamic movement | Interaction of all factors | Evolving, moving soundscape | Sounds appear to rotate or move through space |
Visual-Spatial Correlation
PICTURE WINDOW LAYOUT CORRELATION:
The visual grid (2×4) suggests spatial arrangement:
Top row (Channels 1-4):
• Typically mapped to left side of stereo field
• Position in row suggests left-to-right placement
Bottom row (Channels 5-8):
• Typically mapped to right side of stereo field
• Position in row suggests left-to-right placement
VISUAL-SPATIAL READING:
Looking at picture window gives clue to spatialization:
Top-left hexagram (Ch1) → Far left in stereo
Top-right hexagram (Ch4) → Center-left in stereo
Bottom-left hexagram (Ch5) → Center-right in stereo
Bottom-right hexagram (Ch8) → Far right in stereo
INTERPRETING THE DISPLAY:
• Hexagram patterns visible → know which reversals where
• Speed factors shown → know relative tempi
• Grid position → approximate stereo placement
• Complete picture of 8-channel spatial composition
Spatial Perception Guidelines
Listening for spatial effects:
- Headphones: Best for hearing precise channel placement
- Stereo speakers: Good for overall spatial field perception
- Close listening: Focus on individual channel characteristics
- Distance listening: Hear overall spatial movement and interaction
- Multiple listens: First pass for overall effect, then focus on specific channels
Enhancing spatial effects:
- Post-process in DAW: Export and apply additional panning/effects
- Multi-speaker setup: Extract individual channels for speaker array
- Binaural processing: Apply HRTF to enhance 3D perception
- Automation: Create piece where spatialization evolves over time
Creative Applications
Algorithmic Composition
🎵 I Ching-Inspired Music
Goal: Create compositions using I Ching as generative system
Workflow:
- Record or create source musical material
- Process with different Random_seed values
- Select most interesting results
- Further process or arrange in DAW
- Create series based on different hexagram sets
Example: Piano piece transformed into 8-channel I Ching spatial composition
Sound Design and Installation
🏛️ Multi-Channel Sound Installation
Goal: Create evolving sound for gallery or public space
Workflow:
- Use field recordings or environmental sounds
- Process with moderate deviation_range (0.15-0.25)
- Extract individual channels for multi-speaker setup
- Install in space with speakers corresponding to hexagram positions
- Add visual display of hexagrams being generated
Example: 8-speaker installation where each speaker plays different hexagram transformation
Educational Tool
🏫 Teaching Algorithmic Art Concepts
Goal: Demonstrate algorithmic composition and I Ching as creative system
Workflow:
- Students record short speech or musical phrase
- Process with script, observe hexagram visualization
- Compare different seeds and deviation ranges
- Discuss I Ching philosophy in algorithmic context
- Create compositions using multiple processed versions
Learning outcomes: Algorithmic thinking, I Ching philosophy, audio processing, spatial composition
Spiritual/Meditative Audio
☯️ I Ching Meditation Soundscapes
Goal: Create meditative audio experiences based on I Ching wisdom
Workflow:
- Use calming source material (singing bowls, nature sounds, chanting)
- Process with small deviation_range (0.05-0.10) for subtle variations
- Consult I Ching for specific hexagrams of interest
- Manually set hexagrams (modify script) for desired transformations
- Create series corresponding to different I Ching concepts
Example: "Hexagram 1: The Creative" - all Yang, fast, forward transformation
Advanced Creative Techniques
Serial Processing:
- Process source with script → Result A
- Use Result A as new source → Result B
- Repeat multiple times
- Creates deeply transformed, complex results
- Example: Speech → I Ching → Result as source → I Ching again
Hybrid Source Material:
- Process different sources with same hexagram set
- Mix results
- Creates unified transformation of disparate materials
- Example: Process speech, music, and field recordings with same 8 hexagrams
Parameter Evolution:
- Create piece where deviation_range changes over time
- Start with small variations, increase to large, return to small
- Creates journey through parameter space
- Example: 10-minute piece where deviation_range sweeps 0.05 → 0.30 → 0.05
Troubleshooting Common Issues
Problem: Result is too chaotic/unmusical
Causes: Large deviation_range, complex source material, many reversals
Solutions: Decrease deviation_range (0.05-0.15), use simpler source, check hexagrams for reversal density
Causes: Large deviation_range, complex source material, many reversals
Solutions: Decrease deviation_range (0.05-0.15), use simpler source, check hexagrams for reversal density
Problem: Time-stretching artifacts unpleasant
Causes: Noisy/percussive source material, extreme speed factors
Solutions: Use pitched/musical sources, reduce deviation_range, try different source material
Causes: Noisy/percussive source material, extreme speed factors
Solutions: Use pitched/musical sources, reduce deviation_range, try different source material
Problem: Spatial image unclear/muddled
Causes: Similar hexagrams across channels, small speed differences
Solutions: Use different Random_seed, increase deviation_range, check hexagram visualization for diversity
Causes: Similar hexagrams across channels, small speed differences
Solutions: Use different Random_seed, increase deviation_range, check hexagram visualization for diversity
Problem: Processing takes too long
Causes: Long source audio, Praat's overlap-add algorithm complexity
Solutions: Use shorter source (1-2 minutes), pre-cut to length, use faster computer
Causes: Long source audio, Praat's overlap-add algorithm complexity
Solutions: Use shorter source (1-2 minutes), pre-cut to length, use faster computer
Performance Optimization
| Scenario | Source Length | Deviation Range | Processing Time | Result Character |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quick test | 15-30 seconds | 0.10-0.15 | 30-60 seconds | Clear transformation, fast processing |
| Standard composition | 1-2 minutes | 0.15-0.25 | 2-5 minutes | Substantial material, good variation |
| Installation piece | 3-5 minutes | 0.10-0.20 | 5-15 minutes | Long-form, evolving |
| Extreme processing | 5-10 minutes | 0.25-0.40 | 15-30+ minutes | Maximum transformation, long processing |